Aluminium is among the most widely used metals globally, valued for its light weight, versatility, and role in industries ranging from packaging and construction to transportation and consumer goods. Yet its ubiquity has also raised questions about potential health and environmental risks. Aluminium exposure can occur through food, water, consumer products, and occupational settings, and…

Air quality is one of the most visible and persistent environmental health concerns worldwide. Poor air quality, whether driven by industrial emissions, transportation, energy production, or natural phenomena such as wildfires, is directly linked to respiratory illness, cardiovascular disease, and premature mortality. Beyond health, degraded air quality undermines economic productivity, reduces quality of life, and…

Flooding is one of the most common and destructive natural hazards, affecting millions of people each year. Whether caused by heavy rainfall, snowmelt, storm surges, or river overflow, floods can result in loss of life, property damage, infrastructure failure, and long-term economic disruption. Climate change is intensifying flood risks by altering precipitation patterns, raising sea…

Public health is the foundation of population well-being, addressing risks that range from infectious disease outbreaks and chronic conditions to environmental hazards and social determinants of health. The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the essential role of public health systems in managing crises, but also revealed vulnerabilities in preparedness, equity, and trust. The sector’s complexity arises from…

Blood and blood products are essential to modern healthcare, supporting surgeries, trauma care, cancer treatment, and the management of chronic diseases. Ensuring the safety and adequacy of the blood supply is therefore a critical public health priority. Risks arise from infectious disease transmission, donor eligibility challenges, storage and handling practices, and supply chain vulnerabilities. The…

The societal risk aspects of chemical safety have become a focal point of concern for the public, governments, and the chemical industry. This concern stems from the increasing awareness of the vast number of chemicals present in everyday life, such as in household products, foods, and workplaces. Some of these chemicals have been linked to…

Animal health is central to food security, public health, and environmental sustainability. The health of livestock, poultry, aquaculture species, and companion animals influences not only agricultural productivity but also zoonotic disease risks, trade dynamics, and the stability of food systems worldwide. Outbreaks of animal disease — whether highly pathogenic avian influenza, swine fever, or parasitic…

Privacy has become one of the defining issues of the digital age, touching every aspect of personal, commercial, and governmental activity. With vast amounts of data generated through online platforms, health systems, financial services, and smart devices, individuals face growing risks of surveillance, identity theft, misuse of personal information, and erosion of autonomy. The challenge…

Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is one of the most harmful air pollutants, linked to respiratory illness, cardiovascular disease, and premature mortality. Arising from vehicle emissions, industrial processes, biomass burning, and natural events such as wildfires, PM2.5 penetrates deep into the lungs and bloodstream, posing serious risks even at low concentrations. Managing PM2.5 is particularly challenging…

Emissions from industrial processes, transportation, energy production, and agriculture are among the most significant contributors to environmental and health risks globally. Airborne pollutants such as particulate matter, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, greenhouse gases, and volatile organic compounds contribute to respiratory disease, cardiovascular illness, climate change, and ecosystem degradation. Managing emissions requires balancing economic development with…