Sulfur dioxide (SO₂) is a major air pollutant generated primarily from the combustion of fossil fuels and certain industrial processes. Exposure is linked to respiratory irritation, asthma exacerbation, and cardiovascular effects, while also contributing to acid rain, which damages ecosystems, infrastructure, and agriculture. Although emissions have declined in many regions due to regulations, SO₂ remains…

Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is one of the most harmful air pollutants, linked to respiratory illness, cardiovascular disease, and premature mortality. Arising from vehicle emissions, industrial processes, biomass burning, and natural events such as wildfires, PM2.5 penetrates deep into the lungs and bloodstream, posing serious risks even at low concentrations. Managing PM2.5 is particularly challenging…

Lithium has become a strategic material in the global transition to renewable energy, powering batteries for electric vehicles, consumer electronics, and grid storage systems. Demand is growing exponentially, raising both opportunities and risks. While lithium plays a central role in decarbonization, its extraction, processing, and disposal raise concerns about environmental impacts, worker safety, and geopolitical…

The protection of native species is central to biodiversity, ecosystem resilience, and cultural heritage. Native plants, animals, and microorganisms provide critical ecosystem services such as pollination, water purification, and soil stability. Yet these species face mounting risks from habitat loss, climate change, pollution, and invasive species. The decline or disappearance of native species not only…

Nuclear energy is one of the most powerful and controversial sources of electricity in the modern world. It offers a low-carbon alternative to fossil fuels, supporting climate change mitigation, but also raises enduring concerns about reactor safety, radioactive waste, proliferation risks, and public trust. High-profile accidents, such as Chernobyl and Fukushima, have shaped global perceptions,…

The transport of dangerous goods — including chemicals, fuels, explosives, and radioactive materials — is essential to modern economies but carries inherent risks. Accidents involving spills, leaks, fires, or explosions can have devastating consequences for human health, the environment, and infrastructure, while also triggering public concern and media scrutiny. The challenge lies in balancing economic…

Animal health is central to food security, public health, and environmental sustainability. The health of livestock, poultry, aquaculture species, and companion animals influences not only agricultural productivity but also zoonotic disease risks, trade dynamics, and the stability of food systems worldwide. Outbreaks of animal disease — whether highly pathogenic avian influenza, swine fever, or parasitic…

Wood smoke is a significant contributor to air pollution, especially in regions where wood burning is used for residential heating or where wildfires are prevalent. Fine particulates and toxic compounds in wood smoke are linked to respiratory illnesses, cardiovascular disease, and increased mortality. In addition to health impacts, wood smoke contributes to climate change through…

Cognitive decline, encompassing conditions such as dementia and Alzheimer’s disease, represents a growing public health challenge with profound social and economic consequences. As populations age worldwide, the prevalence of cognitive impairment is expected to rise sharply, straining healthcare systems, families, and communities. Beyond direct health impacts, cognitive decline affects workforce participation, caregiving demands, and quality…

Emissions from industrial processes, transportation, energy production, and agriculture are among the most significant contributors to environmental and health risks globally. Airborne pollutants such as particulate matter, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, greenhouse gases, and volatile organic compounds contribute to respiratory disease, cardiovascular illness, climate change, and ecosystem degradation. Managing emissions requires balancing economic development with…